Approved Document F: Volume 2 applies to buildings other than dwellings

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Ventilation

APPROVED DOCUMENT

Volume 2: Buildings other than dwellings

Requirement F1: Means of ventilation

Regulations: 39 and 44

2021 edition – for use in England

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This approved document supports Part F of Schedule 1 to the Building Regulations 2010.

This approved document takes effect on 15 June 2022 for use in England. It does not apply to work subject to a building notice, full plans application or initial notice submitted before that date, provided the work for each building is started before 15 June 2023. Full detail of the transitional arrangements can be found in Circular Letter 01/2021 published on gov.uk.

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What is an approved document?

Approved documents are approved by the Secretary of State and give practical guidance on common building situations about how to meet the requirements of the Building Regulations 2010 for England. Different approved documents give guidance on each of the technical parts of the regulations. These are all listed in the back of the approved documents. In addition to guidance, some approved documents include provisions that must be followed exactly, as required by regulations or where methods of test or calculation are approved by the Secretary of State.

Each approved document covers the requirements of the Building Regulations 2010 relating to a different aspect of building work. Building work must also comply with all other applicable requirements of the Building Regulations 2010 and all other applicable legislation.

How is construction regulated in England?

Most building work being carried out in England must comply with the Building Regulations 2010. The Building Regulations are made under powers in the Building Act 1984.

Building Regulations protect the health and safety of people in and around buildings, they also provide for energy and water conservation and access to and use of buildings.

The Manual to the Building Regulations (references to this in the introduction are taken from the first edition) gives an overview of the building regulatory system in England. You can access the most recent version of the manual at: www.gov.uk/guidance/building-regulations-and-approved-documents-index.

How do you comply with the Building Regulations?

Building work must meet all relevant requirements of the Building Regulations. To comply with the Building Regulations, it is necessary both to follow the correct procedures and meet technical performance requirements.

The approved documents set out what, in ordinary circumstances, may be accepted as one way to comply with the Building Regulations. Note, however, that:

•Complying with the guidance in the approved documents does not guarantee that building work complies with the requirements of the regulations – the approved documents cannot cover all circumstances. Those responsible for building work must consider whether following the guidance in the approved documents is likely to meet the requirements in the particular circumstances of their case.

•There may be other ways to comply with the requirements than those described in an approved document. If those responsible for meeting the requirements prefer to meet a requirement in some other way than described in an approved document, they should seek to agree this with the relevant building control body at an early stage.

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Those responsible for building work include agents, designers, builders, installers and the building owner. For further information, see Chapter 7 in Volume 1 and paragraphs A26, B2 and F2 in Volume 2 of the Manual to the Building Regulations.

The Building Regulations can be contravened by not following the correct procedures or not meeting the technical performance requirements. If the building owner or those responsible for the works contravene the Building Regulations, the local authority may prosecute them in the magistrates’ court. For further information on enforcement and sanctions in the existing system, see Chapter B in Volume 2 of the Manual to the Building Regulations.

What do the Building Regulations cover?

‘Building work’ is a legal term for work covered by the Building Regulations. Where a building is not exempt, the Building Regulations apply to all types of building work as defined in regulation 3 of the Building Regulations. For further information, what constitutes building work is covered in Chapter A, Volume 2 of the Manual to the Building Regulations.

The Building Regulations contain sections dealing with definitions, procedures and the expected technical performance of building work. For example, the Building Regulations:

a.define what types of building, plumbing and heating work is classed as building work in regulation 3 (for further information see paragraphs A14 to A16 in Volume 2 of the Manual to the Building Regulations).

b.specify types of building that are exempt from the Building Regulations (for further information see Table A1 and paragraph A11 in Volume 2 of the Manual to the Building Regulations).

c.set out the notification procedures to follow when undertaking building work (for further information see Figure 2.1 in Volume 1 of the Manual to the Building Regulations).

d.set out the technical requirements (see Table 7.1 in Volume 1 of the Manual to the Building Regulations) with which the individual aspects of building design and construction must comply in the interests of the health and safety of building users, of energy efficiency (for further information see paragraphs A12(d)–(f), A14(f)–(h), A22, A23, B2(c) and F24 in Volume 2 of the Manual to the Building Regulations), and of access to and use of buildings.

e.set out the standards for building materials and workmanship in carrying out building work (for further information see Chapter 7 in Volume 1, and paragraphs F8 to F11 in Volume 2 of the Manual to the Building Regulations).

When must a building control body be notified?

It is often necessary to notify a building control body of planned building work. To help ensure that work complies with the Building Regulations, those responsible for building work may need to use one of the two types of building control body listed below:

a.a local authority building control body (for further information see Chapter B in Volume 2 of the Manual to the Building Regulations)

b.an approved inspector (for further information see Chapter E in Volume 2 of the Manual to the Building Regulations).

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If building work consists only of installing certain types of services or fittings (e.g. fuel-burning appliances or replacement windows) and the building owner employs an installer that is registered with a relevant competent person scheme designated in the regulations, a building control body does not need to be notified.

For further information about competent person schemes, see Chapter 5 in Volume 1 and Chapter C in Volume 2 of the Manual to the Building Regulations.

How to use this approved document

Each approved document contains:

•general guidance on the performance expected of materials and building work in order to comply with each of the requirements of the Building Regulations, and

•practical examples and solutions on how to achieve compliance for some of the more common building situations.

They may not provide appropriate guidance if the case is unusual in terms of its design, setting, use, scale or technology. Non-standard conditions may include any of the following:

•difficult ground conditions

•buildings with unusual occupancies or high levels of complexity

•very large or very tall buildings

•large timber buildings

•some buildings that incorporate modern construction methods.

Anyone using the approved documents should have sufficient knowledge and skills to understand the guidance and correctly apply it to the building work. This is important because simply following the guidance does not guarantee that your building work will comply with the legal requirements of the Building Regulations. Each approved document contains legal requirements (which you must follow) and guidance (which you may or may not choose to follow). The text in a box with a green background at the beginning of each section of an approved document is taken from the Building Regulations. This text sets out the legal requirements.

The explanation which follows the legal requirements is guidance (see Diagram i below). The guidance then explains one or more ways to demonstrate how building work can be shown to comply with the legal requirements in common circumstances. The terms in green lettering in an approved document are key terms, listed and explained in the appendix to that approved document. Guidance in the approved documents addresses most, but not all, situations that building owners will face. Situations may arise that are not covered. You or your advisers will need to carefully consider whether following the guidance will mean that the requirements of the Building Regulations will be met.

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This section deals with the following requirement from Part B of Schedule 1 to the Building Regulations 2010.

Intention

In the Secretary of State’s view, requirement B2 is met by achieving a restricted spread of flame over internal linings. The building fabric should make a limited contribution to fire growth, including a low rate of heat release.

It is particularly important in circulation spaces, where linings may offer the main means by which fire spreads and where rapid spread is most likely to prevent occupants from escaping.

Requirement B2 does not include guidance on the following.

a.Generation of smoke and fumes.

b.The upper surfaces of floors and stairs.

c.Furniture and fittings.

For further information about the use of technical guidance, see Chapter 7 in Volume 1 and Chapter F in Volume 2 of the Manual to the Building Regulations.

Where to get further help

If you are unsure whether you have the knowledge and skills to apply the guidance correctly, or if you do not understand the technical guidance or other information in this approved document or the additional detailed technical references to which it directs you, you should seek further help. Some sources of help are listed below.

a.Your building control body may be able to help in many cases.

b.If you are registered with a competent person scheme, the scheme operator should be in a position to help.

c.Suitably qualified and experienced construction professionals should also be engaged where necessary.

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Introduction — i

Section 0: Introduction — 1

Requirement F1(1): Means of ventilation — 5

Section 1: Ventilation provision — 6

Section 2: Minimising the ingress of external pollutants — 15

Section 3: Work on existing buildings — 18

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Section 4: Commissioning and providing information — 22

Appendix A: Key terms — 24

Appendix B: Performance-based ventilation — 27

Appendix C: CO₂ monitoring — 30

Appendix D: Standards referred to — 32

Appendix E: Documents referred to — 33

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Summary

0.1This approved document is Approved Document F, Volume 2: Buildings other than dwellings. It gives guidance on how to comply with Part F of Schedule 1 to the Building Regulations. For guidance relating to dwellings, use Approved Document F, Volume 1: Dwellings.

0.2This approved document contains the following sections:

Application

0.3The guidance in Approved Document F, Volume 2 applies only to buildings other than dwellings. For blocks of flats with shared communal rooms, this approved document should be consulted for those rooms.

Exemptions

0.4Certain types of building are exempt from the Part F requirements of the Building Regulations. These are outlined in paragraphs A7 to A13 of the Manual to the Building Regulations.

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0.5Work to the following types of buildings may not need to comply fully with the ventilation standards in this approved document.

a.Those listed in accordance with section 1 of the Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act 1990.

b.Those in a conservation area designated in accordance with section 69 of the Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act 1990.

c.Other historic buildings with a vapour-permeable construction that both absorbs moisture and readily allows moisture to evaporate. These include those built with wattle and daub, cob or stone and constructions using lime render or mortar.

0.6Work to a building in paragraph 0.5 should comply with the ventilation standards in this approved document where reasonably practicable. The work should not result in either of the following outcomes.

a.Unacceptably affect the significance of the listed building, conservation area or scheduled monument.

b.Increase the risk of long-term deterioration of the building fabric or fittings.

0.7New extensions to historic and traditional buildings should comply with all ventilation standards in this approved document unless there is a need to match the external appearance or character of the extension to that of the host building.

0.8The local authority’s conservation officer should be consulted when undertaking work to a building in paragraphs 0.5a or 0.5b.

Emergency repairs

0.9For emergency repairs, if it is not possible to notify the building control body in advance, the building control body should be notified as soon as possible. If the installer is registered with a competent person scheme, see Chapter 5 in Volume 1 and Chapter C in Volume 2 of the Manual to the Building Regulations.

Minor works

0.10Minor works must comply with the relevant requirements of the Building Regulations, but the building control body does not need to be notified.

For mechanical ventilation and air-conditioning systems, minor works include any of the following.

a.Replacing parts.

b.Adding an output or control device if testing and adjusting the system would not affect its energy efficiency or would not be possible.

c.Providing a self-contained mechanical ventilation or air-conditioning appliance when all the following apply.

i.Any electrical work is exempt from a requirement to give advance notice to a building control body.

ii.Testing and adjusting the system would not affect its energy efficiency or would not be possible.

iii.The appliance is not installed in a room that contains an open-flued combustion appliance.

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0.11A unit that contains both living accommodation and space for commercial purposes (e.g. for a workshop or office) should be treated as a dwelling if the commercial part can be reverted to domestic use.

0.12The commercial part of the building can be reverted to domestic use if all of the following apply.

a.There is direct access between the commercial space and the living accommodation.

b.The commercial space and living accommodation are within the same thermal envelope.

c.The living accommodation comprises a substantial proportion of the total area of the unit. What constitutes a ‘substantial proportion’ should be assessed on a case-by-case basis by the building control body.

Mixed-use developments

0.13When constructing a dwelling as part of a larger building that contains other types of accommodation, sometimes called a mixed-use development, refer to the two volumes of Approved Document F as follows.

a.For guidance on each individual dwelling, use Approved Document F, Volume 1: Dwellings.

b.For guidance on the non-dwelling parts of the building, such as shared communal rooms and commercial or retail space, use this approved document: Approved Document F, Volume 2: Buildings other than dwellings.

Selected key interactions with other parts of the Building Regulations

0.14The approved documents set out what, in ordinary circumstances, may be accepted as one way to comply with the Building Regulations. Those designing or undertaking building work remain responsible for assessing, on a case-by-case basis, whether specific circumstances require additional or alternative measures to comply with the regulatory requirements. There are interactions between many of the requirements of the Building Regulations. Guidance on some key interactions is given below.

Interaction with Part B

0.15The requirements of Part B apply if, for example, ducts pass through any of the following.

a.A fire resisting structure.

b.A fire compartment.

c.A protected stairway.

0.16This approved document gives guidance on window openings for ventilation. In addition, Approved Document B gives guidance on the size of escape windows. The larger of the window openings specified in Approved Document B or Approved Document F should be applied in all cases.

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0.17Ventilation fans might cause combustion gases to spill from open-flued appliances. These combustion gases might fill the room instead of going up the flue or chimney, even if the combustion appliance and fan are in separate rooms.

0.18The guidance in Approved Document J should be followed when installing and testing ventilation appliances. Combustion appliances must operate safely whether or not fans are running.

Interaction with Part L

0.19Energy efficiency should be considered when specifying ventilation systems. Energy efficiency, including the control of infiltration, is dealt with under Part L of the Building Regulations.

Interaction with Part K and Part M

0.20Manual controls, where provided for a ventilation device, should be within reasonable reach of the occupants. Follow the guidance in Approved Documents K and M.

Interaction with Part O

0.21This document sets minimum standards for purge ventilation for rapidly diluting indoor air pollutants and extracting water vapour where necessary in habitable rooms in buildings other than dwellings. For domestic-type buildings, Part O may require a higher standard than the guidance given in this document for purge ventilation to remove excess heat. In this case, the higher of the two standards should be followed.

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This section deals with the requirements of Part F1(1) of Schedule 1 to the Building Regulations 2010.

Intention

In the Secretary of State’s view, requirement F1(1) is met in a new building other than a dwelling if it has a means of ventilation that achieves all of the following.

a.Extracts water vapour and indoor air pollutants from areas where they are produced in significant quantities before they spread through the building, following the guidance on extract ventilation in Section 1 for the relevant building type.

b.Supplies a minimum level of outdoor air for occupants’ health, following the guidance for whole building ventilation in Section 1 for the relevant building type.

c.Rapidly dilutes indoor air pollutants and disperses water vapour when necessary in occupiable rooms and sanitary accommodation, following the guidance for purge ventilation in Section 1 for the relevant building type.

d.Monitors air quality in specific types of occupiable rooms, following the guidance in paragraphs 1.21 to 1.23.

e.Minimises the entry of external pollutants, following the guidance in Section 2.

f.Achieves all of the following, as far as is reasonably practicable.

i.Produces low levels of noise, following the guidance in paragraphs 1.5 and 1.6.

ii.Offers easy access for maintenance, following the guidance in paragraph 1.7.

iii.Provides protection from rain.

iv.Provides protection from cold draughts.

v.Does not significantly risk occupants’ health.

In the Secretary of State’s view, requirement F1(1) is met for work on an existing building other than a dwelling by following the guidance in Section 3.

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General

1.1The aim of requirement F1(1) is to protect the health of occupants of the building by providing adequate ventilation. Without adequate ventilation, mould and internal air pollution may become hazardous to health and the risk of transmission of airborne infection is increased.

1.2This approved document sets out guidance for ventilation provision in the following types and uses of buildings and occupiable rooms.

a.Specific types of occupiable rooms – follow paragraphs 1.21 to 1.23.

b.Offices – follow paragraphs 1.24 to 1.37.

c.Car parks – follow paragraphs 1.38 to 1.40.

d.Building types other than offices or car parks – follow paragraph 1.41.

1.3Other ventilation solutions may be used, if it can be shown to the building control body that they satisfy requirement F1(1).

1.4The guidance set out in this approved document has been designed to meet the indoor pollutant levels in Appendix B where the outside air is of reasonable quality. In areas where the outside air is not of reasonable quality, Section 2 provides guidance on limiting the entry of external air pollutants.

Noise

1.5Mechanical ventilation systems, including both continuous and intermittent mechanical ventilation, should be designed and installed to minimise noise. This includes doing all of the following.

a.Correctly sizing and joining ducts.

b.Ensuring that equipment is appropriately and securely fixed, such as using resilient mountings where noise carried by the structure of the building could be a problem.

c.Selecting appropriate equipment, including following paragraph 1.6.

1.6For mechanical ventilation systems, fan units should be appropriately sized so that fans operating in normal background ventilation mode are not overly noisy, taking into consideration the use and likely background level of noise from other sources. This might require fans to be sized so that they do not operate near maximum capacity when in normal background ventilation mode.

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1.7Reasonable access should be provided for maintaining ventilation systems, including all of the following.

a.Providing access to replace filters, fans and coils.

b.Providing access points for cleaning ductwork.

c.Providing access for the general maintenance of plant.

The ventilation strategy in this approved document

1.8The ventilation strategy in this approved document relies on a combination of all of the following.

a.Extract ventilation from rooms where water vapour or pollutants are likely to be released (e.g. bathrooms, sanitary accommodation and kitchens in buildings other than dwellings), to minimise their spread to the rest of the building. Ventilation fans may be either intermittent operation or continuous operation.

b.Whole building ventilation to provide fresh air to the building and to dilute, disperse and remove water vapour and pollutants not removed by extract ventilation.

c.Purge ventilation to remove high concentrations of pollutants and water vapour. Purge ventilation is used intermittently and required only for pollutants produced by occasional activities (e.g. fumes from painting).

d.Monitoring of indoor air quality.

1.9Ventilation may be delivered through natural ventilation, mechanical ventilation or a combination of both.

1.10Naturally ventilated buildings should follow additional guidance on ventilation in CIBSE’s AM10. Mixed mode buildings should follow additional guidance on ventilation in CIBSE’s AM13.

1.11The ventilation systems in this approved document are examples of systems that comply with Part F of the Building Regulations. Other ventilation systems may be acceptable if they can be shown to meet an equal level of performance.

Performance-based guidance

1.12Performance criteria for acceptable levels of moisture and pollutants are given in Appendix B. Ventilation rates designed to meet the performance criteria are given in this guidance or in the documents referred to.

1.13Some ventilation system designs can, in certain circumstances, result in lower ventilation rates than those stated in this guidance or in the documents referred to (e.g. systems with automatic controls). Where lower ventilation rates are proposed, expert advice should be obtained to demonstrate that the solution meets the performance standards in Appendix B.

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1.14The size of background ventilators (including trickle ventilators) is given in this approved document as an equivalent area in mm², not as a free area. BS EN 13141-1 includes a method of measuring the equivalent area of background ventilator openings.

1.15Background ventilators should have the equivalent area marked where it will be easy to see from inside the building when installed, to aid verification by building control bodies.

Installation of ventilation systems

1.16Ventilation systems should be installed to meet both of the following conditions.

a.Comply with the guidance in paragraphs 1.17 to 1.20.

b.Not compromise the performance of the system in use.

1.17Rigid ducts should be used wherever possible. Where necessary, flexible ducts may be used for final connections, but their lengths should be kept to a minimum. All flexible ductwork should meet the standards of BSRIA’s BG 43/2013.

1.18Ductwork installations should be designed and installed to minimise the overall pressure losses within the system by taking all of the following steps.

a.Minimising the overall length of duct.

b.Minimising the number of bends required.

c.Installing appropriately sized ducts for the air flow rate.

1.19Duct connections should be both mechanically secured and adequately sealed to prevent leaks. Rigid connectors and jubilee clips should be used for flexible ducting to ensure a good seal.

1.20Mechanical ventilation systems must be commissioned in accordance with an approved procedure. See Section 4 of this approved document.

Indoor air quality monitoring

1.21In new buildings, the following types of occupiable room, unless they are rooms of the size described in paragraph 1.22, should have a means of monitoring the indoor air quality. This may be achieved using CO₂ monitors or other means of measuring indoor air quality.

a.Occupiable rooms in offices.

b.Occupiable rooms where singing, loud speech or aerobic exercise or other aerosol generating activities are likely to take place. These may include rooms, for example, in gymnasiums, other indoor sports venues, dance studios, theatres, concert halls, public houses, nightclubs, places of assembly, as well as in other types of building.

c.Occupiable rooms where members of the public are likely to gather. These may include rooms, for example, in public buildings, hotels, gymnasiums, indoor sports venues, dance studios, theatres, concert halls, public houses, nightclubs, places of assembly, as well as in other types of building.

d.Occupiable rooms which are maintained at both low temperatures and low levels of humidity. These may include rooms used for chilled food processing and occupied cold stores.

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1.22The guidance in paragraph 1.21 does not apply to the following sizes of room.

a.Small spaces up to 125m³ volume, or 50m² floor area.

b.Large spaces over 800m³ in volume, or 320m² floor area.

1.23Where CO₂ monitors are used, they should meet all of the following.

a.Be non-dispersive infrared (NDIR) type CO₂ monitors.

b.Be mains powered.

c.Be placed at breathing height and away from windows, doors or ventilation openings where practicable.

d.Be placed at least 500mm from people where practicable.

Ventilation for offices

Extract ventilation for offices

1.24Extract ventilation should be provided in offices in all the following areas.

a.Sanitary accommodation.

b.Bathrooms.

c.Washrooms.

d.Food and beverage preparation areas.

e.Rooms that are designed to contain printers and photocopiers in substantial use (more than 30 minutes per hour).

1.25For rooms designed to contain printers and photocopiers in substantial use (more than 30 minutes per hour), both of the following should apply.

a.The air extract rate should be 20 litres per second per machine during use.

b.The whole building ventilation rate should be met.

1.26Sanitary accommodation and bathrooms should have an intermittent air extract rate of both the following.

a.15 litres per second per shower or bath.

b.6 litres per second per WC pan or urinal.

1.27Extract ventilators in sanitary accommodation should be capable of continuous operation if required.

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1.28Food and drink preparation areas should have an intermittent air extract rate of either of the following.

a.If the area is only for using a microwave and preparing drinks: 15 litres per second.

b.If the area is for using a domestic-type hob or cooker, either of the following.

i.If the extract ventilator is adjacent to the hob/cooker: 30 litres per second.

ii.If the extract ventilator is remote from the hob/cooker: 60 litres per second.

1.29Specialist buildings and spaces should follow the guidance in Table 1.1.

1.30For naturally ventilated offices that do not use mechanical supply and extract ventilation, both of the following should apply.

a.The locations of extract ventilators should be both of the following.

i.As high as practicable.

ii.A maximum of 400mm below the ceiling.

b.Where used, passive stack ventilation terminals should be located in the ceiling.

1.31For a room with no openable window, the extract ventilation should operate both:

a.while the room is occupied

b.for a minimum of 15 minutes after occupants have left the room.

Whole building ventilation rates for offices

1.32Outdoor air should be supplied for occupiable rooms in offices at whichever of the following will provide the higher total rate.

a.10 litres per second per person.

b.1 litre per second per m² floor area.

1.33Common spaces in offices, including rooms or spaces used solely or mainly for circulation, such as corridors and lift lobbies, should be provided with either of the following.

a.Natural ventilation by appropriately located ventilation opening(s) with a total opening area of at least 1/50 of the floor area of the common space.

b.Mechanical ventilation installed to provide a supply of outdoor air of 0.5 litres per second per m² of floor area of the common space.

1.34If there are significant levels of pollutants other than body effluents/odour, additional ventilation may be required. The calculation method provided in CIBSE’s Guide A Environmental Design should be followed to determine the whole building ventilation rate.

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1.35Each office should have the means to provide purge ventilation, to reduce pollutants before the office space is occupied or after activities such as painting.

The purged air should both:

a.be taken directly to the outside

b.not be recirculated to any other part of the building.

Controls for offices

1.36Controls should be provided for ventilators so that the ventilation in each room can be adjusted. For mechanical supply and extract ventilation, either manual controls or automatic controls are acceptable.

Recirculation of air within ventilation systems in offices

1.37Ventilation systems that, under normal operation, recirculate air between more than one space, room or zone should also be able to operate in a mode that reduces the risk of the transmission of airborne infection. This can be achieved by one or more of the following.

a.Systems capable of providing 100% outdoor air to the levels specified in paragraphs 1.32 to 1.34 to all occupiable rooms and common spaces, without recirculating air.

b.Systems incorporating a UV-C germicidal irradiation system that is able to disinfect the air that is being recirculated. This type of system is commonly located within the heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) system or ductwork.

c.Systems designed so that they can incorporate HEPA filters, if required, which are able to provide filtration of the recirculated air.

Ventilation of car parks

1.38For car parks below ground level, enclosed car parks and multi-storey car parks, the ventilation rate should be designed, and equipment installed, to limit carbon monoxide to both of the following.

a.Average concentration: a maximum of 30 parts per million over an eight-hour period.

b.Peak concentration, such as by ramps and exits: a maximum of 90 parts per million over a 15-minute period.

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1.39As an alternative to paragraph 1.38, either of the following may be considered to provide adequate ventilation.

a.If the car park has natural ventilation, openings at each car parking level should comply with both of the following.

i.Have a minimum aggregate equivalent area of 1/20 of the floor area at that level.

ii.Have a minimum of 25% of the aggregate equivalent area on each of two opposing walls.

b.If the car park has mechanical ventilation, either of the following should apply.

i.All of the following.

•Permanent natural ventilation openings with a minimum equivalent area of 1/40 of the floor area.

•A mechanical ventilation system capable of at least three air changes per hour.

•For exits and ramps, where cars queue inside the building, provision to ensure a local ventilation rate of at least ten air changes per hour.

ii.Both of the following.

•For a car park in a basement, the provision of a mechanical ventilation system capable of at least six air changes per hour.

•For exits and ramps, where cars queue inside the building, provision to ensure a local ventilation rate of at least ten air changes per hour.

1.40Further guidance can be found in the following documents.

a.The Association of Petroleum and Explosives Administrations’ Code of Practice for Ground Floor, Multi Storey and Underground Car Parks.

b.CIBSE’s Guide B2 Ventilation and Ductwork.

c.The Health and Safety Executive’s publication EH40/2005 Workplace Exposure Limits.

d.ASHRAE’s ASHRAE Handbook – HVAC Applications, chapter 16 ‘Enclosed Vehicular Facilities’.

Ventilation for buildings other than offices and car parks

1.41Adequate means of ventilation in buildings other than offices and car parks may be demonstrated by meeting the relevant standards set out in CIBSE’s Guide A. Sources of further guidance, and relevant regulations, are listed in Table 1.1.

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2.1Ventilation systems should be designed to minimise the intake of external air pollutants following paragraphs 2.2 to 2.6 if either of the following applies.

a.The pollutant values in the location of the building exceed any of the limits in Table 2.1. This may have been determined through an air quality assessment. Where modelling or monitoring data is required, expert advice should be sought.

b.The building is located near to any of the following sources of significant local pollution.

i.Road traffic, including traffic junctions and underground car parks.

ii.Combustion plant (such as heating appliances) running on conventional fuels, most commonly natural gas.

iii.Other combustion processes (for example, waste incineration, thermal oxidation abatement systems).

iv.Discharges from industrial processes.

v.Fugitive (i.e. not effectively controlled) discharges from industrial processes and other sources.

vi.Exhaust discharges from building ventilation systems.

vii.Construction and demolition sites, which are a source of particles and vapourous discharges.

viii.Other significant sources of local air pollution which may be detrimental to health.

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Control of ventilation intakes

2.2Ventilation intakes should be located away from the direct impact of the sources of local pollution.

2.3Where urban traffic is a source of pollution, the air intakes for buildings next to busy urban roads should be both of the following.

a.As high as possible.

b.Located on the less polluted side of the building.

Mechanical ventilation may be the most practical way of achieving this requirement.

2.4If practicable, ventilation intakes should not be located in courtyards or enclosed urban spaces where air pollutants are discharged. If this is unavoidable, intakes should be located to meet both of the following conditions.

a.As far as possible from the source of pollutants.

b.In an open or well-ventilated area.

2.5In areas where wind often comes from opposing directions (e.g. a valley), the air intakes should point in the opposite direction to the exhaust outlets.

2.6Where sources of pollution vary with the time of day, such as urban road traffic, it may be acceptable, for time-limited periods, to take one of the following actions.

a.Reduce the flow of external air into ventilation intakes.

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b.Close ventilation intakes when the concentrations of external pollutants are highest.

Location of exhaust outlets

2.7Exhaust outlets should be located so that both of the following are achieved.

a.Re-entry of exhaust air into a building, or entry into nearby buildings, is minimised.

b.There is no harmful effect on the surrounding area.

2.8Where there is a prevailing wind direction, exhaust outlets should be downwind of intakes.

2.9Exhaust outlets should not discharge into any of the following.

a.Courtyards.

b.Enclosures.

c.Architectural screens.

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General

3.1When building work in an existing building includes work on ventilation, for example:

a.building an extension

b.adding a wet room

c.replacing part of the ventilation system

the work should meet the relevant standards in this approved document.

3.2When other building work is carried out that will affect the ventilation of the existing building, for example:

a.replacing windows or doors

b.doing energy efficiency work

the ventilation of the building should either:

a.meet the standards in the relevant approved document

b.not be less satisfactory than before the work was carried out.

3.3When a building undergoes a material change of use, Part F of Schedule 1 to the Building Regulations applies to the building or part of the building that has changed use. Guidance in Section 1 should be followed.

3.4If work is carried out which increases the energy efficiency of a building, airtightness may be increased. In these circumstances, any useful ventilation which was lost should be replaced in order to maintain a healthy indoor environment. When carrying out work which is likely to increase the airtightness of the building, it should be demonstrated to the building control body that the work meets the requirements of Part F1(1), where it is an applicable requirement. Refer to paragraphs 3.1 and 3.2 for the relevant standards that should be met. For domestic-type installation of common energy efficiency measures in existing buildings, Approved Document F, Volume 1: Dwellings contains guidance on meeting the requirements of Part F of the Building Regulations.

Source page 27

Existing windows with background ventilators

3.5If the existing windows have background ventilators, the replacement windows should include background ventilators. The new background ventilators should comply with the following conditions.

a.Not be smaller than the background ventilators in the original window.

b.Be controllable either automatically or by the occupant.

If the size of the background ventilators in the existing window is not known, the ventilator sizes in paragraph 3.6 may be applied.

Existing windows without background ventilators

3.6Replacing the windows is likely to increase the airtightness of the building. If ventilation is not provided via a mechanical ventilation system, then increasing the airtightness of the building may reduce beneficial ventilation in the building. In these circumstances, it is necessary to ensure that the ventilation provision in the building is no worse than it was before the work was carried out. This may be demonstrated in any of the following ways.

a.Incorporating background ventilators in the replacement windows equivalent to the following.

i.Occupiable rooms.

•For floor areas up to 10m² – minimum 2500mm² equivalent area.

•For floor areas greater than 10m² – minimum 250mm² equivalent area per m² of floor area.

ii.Domestic-type kitchen – minimum 8000mm² equivalent area.

iii.Bathroom (with or without a toilet) and shower rooms – minimum 4000mm² equivalent area per bath or shower.

iv.Sanitary accommodation (and/or washing facilities) – minimum 2000mm² equivalent area per WC.

b.Other ventilation provisions, if it can be demonstrated to a building control body that they comply with the requirements of paragraph 3.2.

Source page 28

This section deals with the requirements of Part F1(2) of Schedule 1 and regulations 39 and 44 of the Building Regulations 2010.

Source page 29

In the Secretary of State’s view, requirement F1(2) and regulation 44 are met if building work that involves installing a mechanical ventilation system, for a new or an existing building, follows the guidance in paragraphs 4.1 to 4.3 to achieve all of the following.

a.All fixed mechanical ventilation systems for which testing and adjustment is possible are tested and commissioned.

b.Commissioning results show that systems are operating as required to achieve adequate ventilation, including achieving the flow rates specified in this approved document.

c.Commissioning results show that controls are operating as required to achieve adequate ventilation.

d.The person carrying out the work gives notice to the building control body and building owner that commissioning has been carried out following the procedure given in this document.

In the Secretary of State’s view, when building work that affects ventilation is carried out, the requirements of regulation 39 are met if the installer provides clear and simple written guidance for the building owner on how to operate and maintain the ventilation system, as described in paragraphs 4.4 to 4.9.

Source page 30

Commissioning of ventilation systems

4.1Mechanical ventilation systems must be commissioned to provide adequate ventilation. A commissioning notice must be given to the building control body.

4.2Commissioning should be carried out in accordance with CIBSE’s Commissioning Code M.

4.3Ventilation ductwork commissioning should take account of guidance in BESA’s DW 144 for metal ductwork, DW 154 for plastic ductwork and DW 143 for ductwork air leakage testing.

Operating and maintenance instructions

4.4Sufficient information about the ventilation system and its maintenance requirements must be given to the building owner to allow the system to be operated effectively. This should include both design flow rates and maintenance requirements.

4.5For new and existing buildings other than dwellings, information should be provided in a new or existing building log book. The log book should follow the guidance in CIBSE’s TM31. Guidance on building log books is given in Approved Document L, Volume 2: Buildings other than dwellings.

4.6A copy of the completed commissioning sheet should be given to the owner of the building.

4.7The operation and maintenance information should contain specific instructions for the end user on how and when to use the ventilation system, including information on the intended uses for the available fan settings. Information should also be provided to suggest when, and how, the system components should be cleaned and maintained.

4.8The following information should be provided where relevant.

a.Manufacturer’s contact details.

b.That background ventilators allow fresh air into the building and should be left open.

c.The location of automatic controls and how to set them.

d.The location of manual controls for the on/off and high rate settings for a mechanical ventilation system and how to use them.

e.How cleaning and maintenance of the system and its components should be carried out. This includes the location and specification of filters and how to assess when to replace filters.

f.How to access ducts for cleaning, how to undertake cleaning of plant and ducts and the intervals at which cleaning should be undertaken.

Source page 31

g.The location of sensors and how to recalibrate them.

h.Design flow rates.

i.The use of and interpretation of results from CO₂ or other air quality monitoring sensors.

j.Adjustment of outdoor air rate for recirculating systems.

k.Operation, maintenance and safety of any UV-C germicidal irradiation system installed.

4.9The operation and maintenance information should also contain relevant manufacturers’ literature, including the following, where relevant.

a.Component specifications.

b.Installation guidance.

c.Operating instructions.

d.Maintenance schedules.

e.Guarantees.

f.Registration card.

g.Spare part lists.

h.Instructions for obtaining spare parts.

Source page 32

Except for the items marked * (which are from the Building Regulations 2010), these definitions apply only to Approved Document F, Volume 2: Buildings other than dwellings.

Air permeability The measure of airtightness of the building fabric. It is defined as the air leakage rate per hour per m² of envelope area at the test reference pressure differential of 50Pa.

Airtightness The resistance of the building envelope to infiltration when ventilators are closed. The greater the airtightness at a given pressure difference across the envelope, the lower the infiltration.

Automatic controls A system whereby a ventilation device is adjusted by a mechanical or electronic controller that responds to a relevant stimulus. That stimulus usually relates to the humidity of the air in a room, pollutant levels, occupancy of the space or pressure difference across the device.

Background ventilator A small ventilation opening designed to provide controllable whole building ventilation.

Bathroom A room that contains a bath or shower and which can also include sanitary accommodation.

Building control body A local authority or an approved inspector.

Common space A space where large numbers of people are expected to gather (e.g. a shopping mall or foyer of a cinema or theatre) or which is used mainly for circulation in buildings which do not contain dwellings (e.g. a corridor or lift lobby in an office building). This does not include areas used solely or principally for circulation in buildings containing dwellings, including corridors or lift lobbies in blocks of flats.

Continuous operation Uninterrupted running of a mechanical ventilation device, such as mechanical extract ventilation or mechanical supply and extract ventilation. The air flow rate provided by mechanical ventilation need not be constant but may be varied, under either manual or automatic control, in response to the demand for removal of pollutants or water vapour.

Dwelling A self-contained unit designed to accommodate a single household.

Equivalent area A measure of the aerodynamic performance of a ventilator. It is the area of a sharp-edged circular orifice through which air would pass at the same volume flow rate, under an identical applied pressure difference, as through the opening under consideration.

Expert advice Advice from a suitably qualified competent person. Examples from the ventilation industry of a person competent to give expert advice include a chartered or professional engineer, a building services specialist, a specialist ventilation manufacturer or members of professional trade bodies.

Extract ventilation The removal of air directly from an internal space or spaces to the outside. Extract ventilation may be by natural means or by mechanical means (e.g. by an extract fan or a central system).

Free area The geometric open area of a ventilator.

Habitable room A room used for dwelling purposes but which is not solely a kitchen, utility room, bathroom, cellar or sanitary accommodation.

Infiltration The uncontrolled exchange of air between the inside and outside of a building, through gaps and cracks.

Intermittent operation When a mechanical ventilator does not run all the time, usually running only when there is a particular need to remove pollutants or water vapour (e.g. during cooking or bathing). Intermittent operation may be under either manual control or automatic control.

Source page 33

Manual controls A system whereby a ventilation device is opened and closed, or switched on and off, or its performance is adjusted by the occupants of a room or building (see automatic controls).

**\*Material change of use** Defined in regulation 5 as:

Where there is a change in the purposes for which or the circumstances in which a building is used, so that after that change:

a.the building is used as a dwelling, where previously it was not;

b.the building contains a flat, where previously it did not;

c.the building is used as an hotel or a boarding house, where previously it was not;

d.the building is used as an institution, where previously it was not;

e.the building is used as a public building, where previously it was not;

f.the building is not a building described in classes 1 to 6 in Schedule 2, where previously it was;

g.the building, which contains at least one dwelling, contains a greater or lesser number of dwellings than it did previously;

h.the building contains a room for residential purposes, where previously it did not;

i.the building, which contains at least one room for residential purposes, contains a greater or lesser number of such rooms than it did previously;

j.the building is used as a shop, where it previously was not; or

k.the building is a building described in regulation 7(4)(a), where previously it was not.

Mechanical supply and extract ventilation Any mechanically driven ventilation that both continuously supplies outdoor air to the inside of the building and continuously extracts indoor air and discharges it to the outside. This includes decentralised supply and extract ventilation, and mechanical ventilation with heat recovery (MVHR, a mechanical supply and extract ventilation system that includes a heat recovery mechanism).

Natural ventilation Ventilation provided by thermal, wind or diffusion effects through doors, windows or other intentional openings without the use of mechanically driven equipment. For the purposes of this approved document, a natural ventilation strategy may include decentralised extract ventilation from rooms where water vapour or pollutants are likely to be released to minimise their spread to the rest of the building.

Occupiable room A room in a building other than a dwelling that is occupied by people, such as an office, workroom, classroom or hotel bedroom. The following are not occupiable rooms: bathrooms, sanitary accommodation, utility rooms or rooms or spaces used solely or mainly for circulation, building services plant or storage purposes.

Passive stack ventilation (PSV) A ventilation system using ducts from terminals in the ceiling of rooms to terminals on the roof that extract air to the outside by a combination of the natural stack effect and the pressure effects of wind passing over the roof of the building. (The stack effect is the pressure differential between inside and outside a building, caused by differences in the density of the air due to an indoor/outdoor temperature difference.)

Purge ventilation Manually controlled ventilation of rooms or spaces at a relatively high rate to rapidly dilute pollutants and/or disperse water vapour. Purge ventilation may be provided by natural means (e.g. an openable window) or mechanical means (e.g. a fan).

Purpose-provided ventilation That part of the ventilation of a building provided by ventilation devices designed into the building (e.g. background ventilators, PSV, extract fans, mechanical ventilation or air-conditioning systems).

**\*Room for residential purposes** Defined in regulation 2(1) as a room, or a suite of rooms, which is not a dwelling-house or a flat and which is used by one or more persons to live and sleep and includes a room in a hostel, an hotel, a boarding house, a hall of residence or a residential home, but does not include a room in a hospital, or other similar establishment, used for patient accommodation.

Source page 34

Sanitary accommodation A space containing one or more flush toilets (WCs) or urinals. Sanitary accommodation containing one or more cubicles counts as one space if there is free circulation of air throughout the space.

Shared communal rooms Rooms in buildings containing dwellings, which provide facilities for the residents, for example a laundry room, occupied lobby or gym. This does not include areas used solely or principally for circulation in buildings containing dwellings, including corridors or lift lobbies.

Surface water activity A measure of the availability of water to micro-organisms. Surface water activity is determined from the ratio of the vapour pressure of the water in the substrate to the vapour pressure of pure water at the same temperature and pressure. This ratio, in steady-state conditions, is numerically equal to the equilibrium relative humidity of the air, except that the latter is commonly expressed as a percentage.

Thermal envelope The combination of thermal elements of a building which enclose a particular conditioned indoor space or groups of indoor spaces.

Utility room A room containing a sink or other feature or equipment that may reasonably be expected to produce significant quantities of water vapour.

Ventilation The supply and removal of air (by natural and/or mechanical means) to and from a space or spaces in a building. It normally comprises a combination of purpose-provided ventilation and infiltration.

Ventilation opening Any means of purpose-provided ventilation (whether permanent or closable) that opens directly to external air, such as the openable parts of a window, a louvre or a background ventilator. It also includes any door that opens directly to external air.

Whole building ventilation (general ventilation) Nominally continuous ventilation of rooms or spaces at a relatively low rate to dilute and remove pollutants and water vapour not removed by extract ventilation, purge ventilation or infiltration, as well as to supply outdoor air into the building.

Source page 35

Introduction

B1This appendix sets out the levels of moisture and other pollutants that the provisions in this approved document are designed to control. The provisions are designed to control all of the following.

a.Bio-effluents, as described in paragraph B2a.

b.Moisture levels, as described in paragraph B2b.

c.Indoor air pollutants, as described in paragraph B2d.

Performance criteria for buildings other than dwellings

B2The main guidance within this approved document focuses on offices. The main performance criteria applied are as follows.

a.There should be a supply rate, in the absence of tobacco smoke or other excessive pollutants, of 10 litres per second per person. This will also satisfy the requirement of 8 litres per second per person needed to control higher levels of bio-effluents.

b.There should be no visible mould on the inner surfaces of external walls of a properly heated building with typical moisture generation.

c.Mould can grow whether the building is occupied or unoccupied, so the performance criteria for surface water activity (as given in Table B2) should be met at all times, regardless of whether there are occupants. The other pollutants listed in Table B1 are only of concern when the building is occupied.

d.The performance criteria for indoor air pollutants are given in Table B1.

Source page 36

B3As an alternative to using TVOC, the individual VOCs may be applied where their use is supported by robust independent evidence. Public Health England’s Indoor Air Quality Guidelines for Selected Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) in the UK should be used. Testing against these metrics is likely to be more complex than testing against TVOC.

Where the Health and Safety Executive gives guidance for specific situations, that guidance should be followed in preference to the guidance given here.

Source page 37

General

B4For the purposes of this approved document, for all offices (both new and existing, where Part F applies), the moisture criteria are likely to be met if, during the colder months of the year, the moving average surface water activity of the internal surfaces of external walls is always less than the value in Table B2, evaluated over each moving average period.

Extract ventilation

B5Office equipment can emit pollutants, including ozone and organic compounds. For example, a study by Black and Wortham (1999) suggests the following emission rates for laser printers and dry paper copiers assuming 30 minutes use in an hour.

a.25mg/h for TVOC.

b.3mg/h for ozone.

To meet the performance criteria for these pollutants requires an extract rate of 20 litres per second per machine during use.

B6For sanitary accommodation, the extract rates used for dwellings have been applied.

B7For food and beverage preparation areas, the extract rates used for dwellings have been applied.

Source page 38

People exhale carbon dioxide (CO₂) when they breathe out. If there is a build-up of CO₂ in an area it can indicate that ventilation needs to be improved.

Checking levels of CO₂ using a monitor can help to identify areas that are poorly ventilated.

Types of CO₂ monitor to use

Many different types of CO₂ monitor are available. The most appropriate portable devices for use in the workplace are non-dispersive infrared (NDIR) CO₂ monitors.

How to use a CO₂ monitor

The level of CO₂ in the air will vary within an indoor space. It is best to place CO₂ monitors at head height and away from windows, doors or air supply openings.

Monitors that are positioned too close to people may give a misleadingly high reading due to the CO₂ in exhaled breath. Monitors should therefore be positioned at least 500mm away from room occupants.

Measured levels of CO₂ within a space can vary throughout the day due to changes in number of occupants, activities being performed or ventilation rates in the space. The opening and closing of doors and windows can also have an effect.

The amount of CO₂ in the air is measured in parts per million (ppm). If measurements in an occupied space seem very low (far below 400ppm) or very high (over 1500ppm), it is possible that the monitor is not in a suitable location. The monitor may need to be moved to another position within the space, to get a more accurate reading.

Instantaneous or ‘snapshot’ CO₂ readings can be misleading, so several measurements should be taken throughout the day. The frequency of measurements should be sufficient to ensure that changes in the use of the room or space throughout the day are represented in the readings. Levels of CO₂ may also vary throughout the year, as outdoor temperatures, and therefore behaviour relating to opening windows and doors, change.

How to get the most accurate readings

a.Check that monitors are within the recommended calibration period.

b.Follow the manufacturer’s instructions, including allowing the appropriate warm-up time for the device to stabilise

c.Know how to use the monitor correctly, including the time needed to provide a reading.

d.Take measurements at key times throughout the working day.

e.Record CO₂ readings, number of occupants, the type of ventilation in use at the time and the date. These will help you use the CO₂ records to decide if an area is poorly ventilated.

Source page 39

CO₂ measurements should be used as a broad guide to ventilation within a space, rather than treated as ‘safe thresholds’.

Outdoor levels are around 400ppm. A consistent indoor CO₂ value of less than 800ppm is likely to indicate that a space is well ventilated.

An average CO₂ concentration of 1500ppm over the period when a space is occupied is an indicator of poor ventilation. Action should be taken to improve ventilation if CO₂ readings are consistently higher than 1500ppm.

However, in locations where continuous talking or singing takes place, or there are high levels of physical activity (such as dancing, playing sport or exercising), providing ventilation sufficient to keep CO₂ levels below 800ppm is recommended.

Where CO₂ monitors will be less effective

CO₂ monitors may not be suitable for use in areas that rely on air-cleaning units because these remove contaminants from the air but do not remove CO₂.

In large, open spaces and spaces with high ceilings, such as food production halls or warehouses, air may not be fully mixed and the measurements made by CO₂ monitors may not be representative.

CO₂ monitors are of limited use in less populated areas.

Source page 40

BS 4971 Conservation and care of archive and library collections [2017]

BS 5502 Buildings and structures for agriculture. Various relevant parts, including:

BS 5502-33 Guide to the control of odour pollution [1991 + AMD 10014]

BS 5502-52 Code of practice for design of alarm systems, emergency ventilation and smoke ventilation for livestock housing [1991 + AMD 10014]

BS EN 378-3 Refrigerating systems and heat pumps. Safety and environmental requirements – Installation site and personal protection [2016 + A1: 2020]

BS EN 13141-1 Ventilation for buildings. Performance testing of components/products for residential ventilation. Externally and internally mounted air transfer devices [2019]

BS EN 16893 Conservation of Cultural Heritage. Specifications for location, construction and modification of buildings or rooms intended for the storage or use of heritage collections [2018]

Source page 41

Legislation

(available via www.legislation.gov.uk)

Air Quality Standards Regulations 2010, SI 2010/1001

Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act 1979, c. 46

Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations 2002, SI 2002/2677

Dangerous Substances and Explosive Atmospheres Regulations 2002, SI 2002/2776

Education (School Premises) Regulations 1999, SI 1999/2

Factories Act 1961, c. 34

Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974, c. 37

Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act 1990, c. 9

Welfare of Farmed Animals (England) Regulations 2007, SI 2007/2078

Other documents

American Conference of Government Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH)

(acgih.org)

Industrial Ventilation: A Manual of Recommended Practice for Design. Thirtieth Edition [2019]

Industrial Ventilation: A Manual of Recommended Practice for Operation and Maintenance. Second Edition [2020]

American Society of Heating, Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE)

(ashrae.org)

ASHRAE Handbook – HVAC Applications [2019]

Association of Petroleum and Explosives Administrations (APEA)

(apea.org.uk)

Code of Practice for Ground Floor, Multi Storey and Underground Car Parks. Second Edition [1995]

Building and Engineering Services Association (BESA)

(thebesa.com)

BESA DW 143 Guide to Good Practice – Ductwork Air Leakage Testing [2013]

BESA DW 144 Specification for Sheet Metal Ductwork [2016]

BESA DW 154 Specification of Plastics Ductwork [2000]

BESA DW 172 Specification for Kitchen Ventilation Systems [2018]

BESA TR 40 Guide to Good Practice for Local Exhaust Ventilation [2020]

Building Research Establishment (BRE)

(www.bre.co.uk)

Ventilation for Healthy Buildings: Reducing the Impact of Urban Air Pollution [2011]

Building Services Research and Information Association (BSRIA)

(www.bsria.com)

BG 43 Flexible Ductwork: A Guide to Specification, Procurement, Installation and Maintenance [2013]

Source page 42

(www.cibse.org)

AM10 Natural Ventilation in Non-domestic Buildings [2005]

AM13 Mixed Mode Ventilation [2000]

Commissioning Code M Commissioning Management [2003]

Guide A Environmental Design [2015]

Guide B2 Ventilation and Ductwork [2016]

TM31 Building Log Book Toolkit [2006]

TM40 Health and Wellbeing in Building Services [2020]

TM64 Operational Performance: Indoor Air Quality – Emissions Sources and Mitigation Measures [2020]

Department for Environment, Transport and the Regions (DETR)

Expert Panel on Air Quality Standards: Ozone [1994]

Department of Health Estates and Facilities Division (part of NHS Digital)

HTM 03-01 Specialised Ventilation for Healthcare Premises: Part A – Design and validation [2021]

HTM 03-01 Specialised Ventilation for Healthcare Premises: Part B – Operational Management and Performance Verification [2007]

Health Building Notes (various). Available at: https://www.england.nhs.uk/estates/health-building-notes

Education and Skills Funding Agency (ESFA)

(www.gov.uk/esfa)

Building Bulletin 101: Guidelines on Ventilation, Thermal Comfort and Indoor Air Quality in Schools [2018]. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/building-bulletin-101-ventilation-for-school-buildings

European Concerted Action (ECA) on Indoor Air and its Impact on Man

Guidelines for Ventilation Requirements in Buildings. Working Group Report No. 11. EUR 14449 EN [1992]

Health and Safety Executive (HSE)

(hse.gov.uk)

HSE Catering Information Sheet No. 10, Ventilation in catering kitchens [2017]

EH40/2005 Workplace Exposure Limits. Containing the list of workplace exposure limits for use with the Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations 2002 (as amended). Fourth Edition [2020]

HSG 258 Controlling Airborne Contaminants at Work. A Guide to Local Exhaust Ventilation (LEV). Third Edition [2017]

HSG 202 General Ventilation in the Workplace – Guidance for Employers [2000]

Home Office

Code of Practice for the Housing and Care of Animals Bred, Supplied or Used for Scientific Purposes [2014]. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/code-of-practice-for-the-housing-and-care-of-animals-bred-supplied-or-used-for-scientific-purposes

McGraw-Hill Education

(www.mheducation.com)

John Spengler, John McCarthy and Jonathan Samet, Indoor Air Quality Handbook [2001]

Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government (MHCLG)

Manual to the Building Regulations: A Code of Practice for Use in England [2020]

Ministry of Justice

(www.gov.uk/moj)

PSI 17/2012 Certified Prisoner Accommodation [2012]

Source page 43

Activity DataBase. Available at: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachmentdata/file/148547/ADB2012GettingStarted_Guide.doc

Public Health England (PHE)

(www.gov.uk/phe)

Indoor Air Quality Guidelines for Selected Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) in the UK [2019]

Scientific Advisory Group for Emergencies (SAGE)

EMG/SPI-B advisory group. Application of CO₂ monitoring as an approach to managing ventilation to mitigate SARS-CoV-2 transmission [2021]

Sport England

(www.sportengland.org)

Sports Halls Design and Layouts: Updated and combined guidance [2012]

Design Guidance Note: Fitness and Exercise Spaces. Issue 002 [2008]

World Health Organization (WHO)

(www.who.int)

WHO Guidelines for Indoor Air Quality, Selected Pollutants [2010]

Other publications

Black MS and Wortham AW. Emissions from Office Equipment. Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Indoor Air Quality and Climate, Indoor Air 99 [1999]

Source page 44

Source page 45

Source page 46

Source page 47

The following documents have been published to give guidance on how to meet the Building Regulations. You can find the date of the edition approved by the Secretary of State at www.gov.uk.

Approved Document A Structure

Approved Document B Fire safety Volume 1: Dwellings

Approved Document B Fire safety Volume 2: Buildings other than dwellings

Approved Document C Site preparation and resistance to contaminants and moisture

Approved Document D Toxic substances

Approved Document E Resistance to the passage of sound

Approved Document F Ventilation Volume 1: Dwellings

Approved Document F Ventilation Volume 2: Buildings other than dwellings

Approved Document G Sanitation, hot water safety and water efficiency

Approved Document H Drainage and waste disposal

Approved Document J Combustion appliances and fuel storage systems

Approved Document K Protection from falling, collision and impact

Approved Document L Conservation of fuel and power Volume 1: Dwellings

Approved Document L Conservation of fuel and power Volume 2: Buildings other than dwellings

Approved Document M Access to and use of buildings Volume 1: Dwellings

Approved Document M Access to and use of buildings Volume 2: Buildings other than dwellings

Approved Document O Overheating

Approved Document P Electrical safety – Dwellings

Approved Document Q Security – Dwellings

Approved Document R Physical infrastructure for high-speed electronic communications networks

Approved Document S Infrastructure for the charging of electric vehicles

Approved Document 7 Materials and workmanship

Source page 48

The Building Regulations 2010, Approved Documents are available from:

RIBA Books

Online: www.architecture.com/ribabooks Telephone: +44 (0)20 7496 8383 Email: sales@ribabookshops.com

ISBN 978 1 914124 77 8

© Crown Copyright 2021

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